Kana uchifunga kuti nyaya dzesainzi ingano ingarava dzemuchadenga chete uye Mars, wangotanga kukwenya pamusoro. Kubva padzakatanga kubuda mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19, rudzi urwu rwakakura zvikuru, ruchibva pazvidzidzo zvetsika zviri nyore kuenda kunyaya dzinonakidza uye, gare gare, kusvika kuchinjo yakazara yeNew Wave muma1960. Nhasi, nyaya dzesainzi inzvimbo isina muganhu umo kufungisisa kwehuzivi, ecology, uye zvematongerwo enyika zvinosangana nekushanda kwakasiyana-siyana kunoita kuti munhu wese ashaye remuromo.
Kupinda munyika ino kwakafanana nekuvhura musuwo wemikana isingaperi. Ungave uchitsvaga rwendo rwechinyakare kana kuti uchida kurwisana nepfungwa dzinopesana nenguva, kune bhuku rakakumirira. Kuti tikubatsire kufamba mukuverenga kukuru, takagadzirira gwara rakadzama remabasa iwayo asiri akakosha chete asiwo akachinja manzwisisiro atinoita ramangwana.
Nheyo nemitambo yekare isingazununguki
Hatigoni kutaura nezvemhando iyi tisingatauri nezvaH.G. Wells. Nyaya yake *The Time Machine * ndiyo nzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga; pano, munyori anoisa parutivi zvinhu zvehunyanzvi kuti atarise pakusawirirana kwevanhu pakati paEloi naMorlocks, achigadzira mufananidzo unonakidza wekushanduka kwevanhu . Kana uchifarira maitiro aya, kutarisa Jules Verne kana kupinda kwe *The War of the Worlds* ndiyo danho rinotevera rine musoro.
Kune rumwe rutivi, tine mamiriro ekudzvinyirira aLovecraft. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe vangakakavadzana kana At the Mountains of Madness iri nyaya yesainzi chaiyo, pfungwa yekuti ngano dzake dzakabva kunze kwenyika hairambiki. Inyaya inotyisa inokuita kuti unzwe wakadzikama, iri mumabhuku anokuita kuti ushevedze nekutya uye kuparadzwa kwehupenyu uko Thomas Ligotti aizozoongorora gare gare.
Patinotaura nezve dystopias, pane "utatu hutsvene" hwaunofanira kuverenga. Kutanga, bhuku raGeorge Orwell ra1984 , iro, pamwe chete neBig Brother yaro, rakatinyevera nezvekutariswa nehurumende uye kuramba . Zvadaro pane Huxley's Brave New World , uko kutonga kunoitwa kuburikidza nemafaro uye kunyaradza. Uye pakupedzisira, Fahrenheit 451 yaRay Bradbury , kutsoropodzwa kwakasimba kwekudzora apo vanodzima moto, zvinoshamisa, vanopisa mabhuku kuti vadzime ruzivo.
Hatigoni kukanganwa hunyanzvi hwaIsaac Asimov. Kunyangwe aine nyaya dzakakura dzakadai seFoundation , The End of Eternity inyaya inokosha kune vanoda kufamba nenguva uye zvinhu zvisingatarisirwi , vachiongorora pfungwa yemapurisa enguva ari kuedza kudzora nhoroondo.
Zviono zveAvant-garde uye kusvetuka muCyberpunk
Mumakore ekuma1950 nekuma60, rudzi urwu rwakatanga kuyedzwa. Alfred Bester akatipa The Stars My Destination , nyaya yekutsiva nekutumirwa kwenhau inoonekwa seyakatangira cyberpunk . Inyaya inonakidza, izere nevanorwisa magamba nevanopamba muchadenga, iyo yakapesana nekuomarara kwenguva iyoyo.
Stanislaw Lem akatanga kufunga zvakadzama nezveSolaris . Panzvimbo pehondo yemuchadenga, tinosangana nehungwaru hwemutorwa hwakaita segungwa rinoshandura pfungwa dzevanhu, richichinja bhuku kuita hope dzepfungwa dzinobata pfungwa.
Uye ipapo kwakauya Frank Herbert naDune . Kupfuura nyaya dzesainzi, idambudziko guru renyika riri murenje. Kurwira Spice iri kukura mupfungwa uye mazano ezvematongerwo enyika aArrakis zvakasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki patsika dzevanhu, zvichipesvedzera zvese zvakatevera.
Kana uchitsvaga chimwe chinhu chisinganzwisisike, Philip K. Dick ndiye murume wako. Ubik muenzaniso wakakwana wemaitiro ake: kutya, kuparara kwechokwadi, uye kusava nechokwadi nguva dzose pamusoro pezviri zvechokwadi uye chii chisipo . Ipfungwa dzinoita kuti ubvunze zvese.
Maonero evanhu, evakadzi, uye evanhu
Ngano dzesainzi dzakabatsirawo kupatsanura nzanga. Ursula K. Le Guin, mubhuku rake rinonzi The Left Hand of Darkness , anotipa nyika umo vagari vemo vasina murume kana mukadzi , zvichitimanikidza kufunga patsva nezvepfungwa dzedu dzehurume neukadzi kubva pamaonero akakwirira zvikuru enguva yacho.
Nenzira yakafanana, Joanna Russ naThe Female Man naMargaret Atwood naThe Handmaid's Tale vanoongorora kudzvinyirirwa uye kurwira kodzero dzevarume . Atwood anogadzira dystopia uko vakadzi vanongoberekwawo sevana, chiono chezvematongerwo enyika chinotyisa chichiri kukosha nanhasi.
Octavia E. Butler akaunzawo chiono chakasiyana neXenogenesis trilogy , uko kugara pamwe chete nemarudzi ezvisikwa kunova fananidzo yekugamuchira mutsauko nemajini , kugadzirisa nyaya dzerudzi nekuzivikanwa nesimba rehutsinye.
Nyaya dzeSainzi Dzakaoma uye yezana remakore rechi21
Kune avo vanoda sainzi yakaoma, nyaya dzesainzi yakaoma ndiyo nzira yakanaka. Liu Cixin anoonekwa pano ne *The Three-Body Problem* , basa rinosiyana kubva kuWestern tropes kuti ritarise paastrophysics uye kupona kwemapuraneti panguva yakakura.
Kim Stanley Robinson ndiye mumwe nyanzvi panyaya iyi. Bhuku rake reMars trilogy harisi nhoroondo yekutorwa kwenyika chete, asi bhuku rakadzama pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwenyika uye zvematongerwo enyika zvenyika itsva. Rinokosha kuverenga kune chero munhu ari kutsvaga hunyanzvi hwezve geology nesainzi.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vanyori vakaita saGreg Egan weThe Aleph Instant vanotikurudzira nepfungwa dzekufungidzira nezvepfungwa nedzemasvomhu, nepo Ted Chiang, munyaya dzake dzakadai seThe Story of Your Life , achishandisa sainzi kuongorora manzwiro akachena uye chimiro chenguva neunyanzvi hwenhetembo.
Hatigoni kufuratira mabhuku epashure pekuparadzwa kwenyika. Kubva pakukanganiswa kwaRichard Matheson's I Am Legend , kuburikidza nekujeka kwaCormac McCarthy's The Road , kusvika kuhutsinye hweDevastation Trilogy yaRafael Pinedo , rudzi urwu rwenyaya runotiyeuchidza kuti vanhu ndiyo mhuka ine njodzi zvikuru kana budiriro yaparara.
Zvishongo zvemazuva ano uye mafashoni matsva
Zana remakore rechi21 rakauya nemabasa aro akaputsa ghetto yerudzi urwu. Bhuku raKazuo Ishiguro rinonzi Never Let Me Go muenzaniso wakanaka; kunyangwe munyori uyu ari Nobel laureate muLiterature, anoshandisa pfungwa yema clones akagadzirwa kupa nhengo dzemuviri kutaura nezvekurega basa uye kufa kwevanhu.
Kune rumwe rutivi, tine chiitiko cheThe Hunger Games , icho chinoisa dystopias panhamba yevateereri vechidiki, uye chinoshanda seCold Skin naAlbert Sánchez Piñol, icho chinosanganisa rwendo rweVerne nekufungisisa kwakadzama nezvehumwe uye kuumbwa kwemhuka.
Kune avo vari kutsvaga chimwe chinhu chakareruka asi chine hungwaru, John Scalzi ane maRedshirts anoita seanosetsa nezvemitambo yeStar Trek, nepo Douglas Adams, nebhuku rake rinonzi The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy , achiri mambo asingapokane wezvinosetsa zveBritain zvinoshandiswa muchadenga.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino anofadza. Kubva mubhuku raMiéville rinonzi New Weird kusvika kuhunhu hwevanhu hwakafanana naCharles Stross muAccelerando , nyaya dzesainzi dzakakwanisa kuzvibatanidza mumakambani ekudhinda ane mukurumbira, zvichiratidza kuti dingindira rayo rinowanikwa pasi rose. Kungave kuburikidza nekushandura majini, huchenjeri hwekugadzira , kana kuparara kwemamiriro ekunze, rudzi urwu runoramba rwuri chishandiso chakanakisa chekuongorora kuti tiri kupi uye tiri kuenda kupi.
Ongororo iyi yakakura yengano dzekufungidzira inotiratidza kuti, kubva munyaya dzekare dzaWells dzekufamba kusvika kuma network akaomarara e nanobot uye sociology yeMars, rudzi urwu rwakashanduka kuratidza kutya kwedu kwakadzama netariro. Kuchinja kubva pangano dzemapump kuenda kumabhuku makuru kwakabvumira vanyori vakahwina mubairo weNobel nePulitzer kushandisa nyaya dzesainzi segirazi rekuongorora mamiriro evanhu, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika, vachivaka raibhurari uko kufungidzira nehunyanzvi hwesainzi zvinofambidzana kuratidza remangwana revanhu rese rinogoneka.