e-Ink: zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve e-reader skrini

Mascreen ane basa guru mukushanda kwedu kwezuva nezuva netekinoroji, uye anogona kukuvadza kuona kwedu, kukonzera kushushikana kwemaziso, uye kukonzera mamwe matambudziko. Kuti udzivise izvi uchinakidzwa ne eBook yako yaunofarira, unofanirwa kusarudza mascreen ane tekinoroji yatiri kutaura nezvayo nhasi. Pakati pematekinoroji akasiyana-siyana ekuratidza aripo, mascreen e-Ink awana mukurumbira nekuda kwezvimiro zvawo zvakasiyana, zvichivandudza ruzivo rwekuverenga uye zvichiita kuti zvive pedyo nekuverenga papepa.

Asi… unonyatsoziva kuti chii?

Chii chinonzi e-Ink kana ePaper?

Inogona kutumidzwa nemazita akasiyana-siyana, akadai sepepa remagetsi kana ePaper, kana kuti inozivikanwawo seinki yemagetsi kana e-Ink . Pasinei nekuti unoidana sei, imhando yepaneru yekuratidzira inotevedzera chitarisiko cheinki yakajairika papepa. Kusiyana nezviratidziro zvemazuva ano zve flat-screen zvinoburitsa chiedza, ePaper display inoratidza chiedza chemumhepo, kungofanana nepepa. Izvi zvinogona kuita kuti zvive nyore kuverenga uye zvinopa kona yakafara yekuona kupfuura zviratidziro zvakawanda zvinoburitsa chiedza. Kusiyana kwehuwandu hwezviratidziro zve ePaper zviripo kuri kusvika kune zvepepanhau, uye zviratidziro zvitsva zviri nani zvishoma. ePaper display yakakodzera inogona kuverengwa muzuva rakananga pasina mufananidzo waita seuri kupera, sezvinoitika kune zvimwe zvishandiso zvakawanda zvakaita semapiritsi, mafoni, makomputa, nezvimwewo.

Matekinoroji mazhinji e-paper anogona kuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvisingachinji uye mifananidzo nekusingaperi pasina magetsi . Izvi zvinoitawo kuti zvive zvakanaka kumafoni anoshandisa mabhatiri, zvichigona kuwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri kwemazuva kana mavhiki, zvichienderana nekushandiswa kwesimba remuchina wacho.

Iyo e-Ink kana ePaper inoshanda sei

Hazvigoneki kutaura zvakajeka nezvekuti inki yemagetsi (e-ink) inoratidza sei, sezvo paine matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana, imwe neimwe ichishanda zvakasiyana, sezvatichaona gare gare muchikamu chemhando. Asi, semuenzaniso , mu electrophoresis, kana simba remagetsi rakaiswa pa microcapsule, zvidimbu zvakachajwa zvinofamba zvichienda ku electrode nechaji yakapesana. Semuenzaniso, kana electrode yepasi iri positive, zvidimbu zvitema zvinofamba zvichidzika uye zvidimbu zvichena zvinofamba zvichikwira.

• Microcapsules: Iwo anoumbwa nemamiriyoni emamicrocapsules, imwe neimwe inenge yakaenzana nehupamhi sebvudzi remunhu. Imwe neimwe microcapsule ine zvimedu zvakajairwa zvakamiswa mumvura yakajeka. Aya macapsules akagoverwa mukati mese panhizha kana skrini. Mukati memicrocapsule yega yega mune zvimedu zvichena zvinotakura chaji yakanaka uye zvitema zvitema zvinotakura zvakaipa. Kushanda kuri nyore, ivo vanoiswa polarized zvinoenderana nemagetsi kuchaji kuratidza mavara uye mufananidzo, mutema nemuchena. Nenzira iyi iwe unogona kuona dema kana chena doti kana pixel ...

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zve e-Ink displays kugona kwayo kubhururuka . Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana mufananidzo wangogadzirwa, hapana simba rinodiwa kuti urambe uripo. Mufananidzo ucharamba uri pachiratidziro kunyangwe simba rawo rabviswa. Saka simba rawo harishandiswi zvakanyanya kana tichienzanisa neremazuva ano.

Tekinoroji yafambira mberi, uye ikozvino kunewo masikirini emavara epamusoro-soro anogona kuratidza mavara akasiyana-siyana kuratidza mifananidzo kubva mumabhuku, makomiki, nezvimwewo.

A bit of history

Kunyangwe zvingaita sezvakaitika munguva pfupi yapfuura, nhoroondo yezviratidziro izvi inotangira kumakumi emakore akati wandei, kunyanya kuma1970, apo Nick Sheridon weXerox Palo Alto Research Center akagadzira bepa rekutanga remagetsi rainzi Gyricon . Izvi zvinhu zvitsva zvaive nemabhora epolyethylene aigona kutenderera zvakasununguka, achiratidza divi jena kana dema zvichienderana ne polarity yevoltage yakashandiswa, nokudaro zvichigadzira chitarisiko che pixel dema kana chena chinodzorwa nemagetsi.

Pasinei nekufambira mberi uku, pfungwa yekushandisa sikirini ine simba shoma inotevedzera bepa haina kuzoitika kusvika papera makumi emakore. Joseph Jacobson, uyo aive mudzidzi wefizikisi paStanford University , ndiye akafungidzira bhuku rine mapeji akawanda rine zviri mukati zvaigona kuchinjwa nekungodzvanya bhatani uye zvaida simba shoma kuti rishande.

Jacobson akatorwa naNeil Gershenfeld kuMIT Media Lab muna 1995. Ikoko, Jacobson akatora vadzidzi vaviri vepayunivhesiti yeMIT, Barrett Comiskey naJD Albert, kuti vagadzire tekinoroji yekuona inodiwa kuti chiono chake chiitike.

Nzira yekutanga yaive yekugadzira zvidimbu zvidiki zvaive hafu chena nehafu dema , seGyricon yaXerox. Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakaratidza kuva yakaoma zvikuru. Munguva yekuedza kwake, Albert akagadzira zvidimbu zvichena zvachose netsaona. Comiskey akaedza nekuchaja nekubatanidza zvidimbu zvichena izvi muma microcapsules akasanganiswa nedhayi dema. Zvakaguma zvaitika zvaive system yema microcapsules aigona kuiswa pamusoro uye kuchajiwa ega kuti agadzire mifananidzo mitema nechena.

Muna 1996, MIT yakaisa patent yekutanga ye microencapsulated electrophoretic display . Zvakanakira microencapsulated electrophoretic display uye kugona kwayo kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemapepa emagetsi zvakaonekwa sebudiriro huru, nechinangwa chekuishandisa mumidziyo yekuverenga, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Zvisinei, tekinoroji iyi yakanga ichiri yechinyakare panguva iyi, uye kuratidzwa kwemavara erudzi urwu kwakanga kusati kwavapo.

Muna 1997, Albert, Comiskey, naJacobson, pamwe chete naRuss Wilcox naJerome Rubin, vakatanga E-Ink Corporation , mwedzi miviri Albert naComiskey vasati vapedza kudzidza. Kubva ipapo, tekinoroji ye e-Ink yakaramba ichichinja, ichiwana mashandisirwo mumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana uye ichichinja kudyidzana kwedu netekinoroji yedhijitari…

Kambani iyi yekuTaiwan , inogadzira nekuparadzira ma "electrophoretic displays", yakabatsirwa nematanho akati wandei ekuita kuti ive nesimba muchikamu ichi. Semuenzaniso, muna 2005, Philips yakatengesa bhizinesi rayo remapepa emagetsi kuPrime View International (PVI), mugadziri ari muHsinchu, Taiwan. Muna 2008, E Ink Corp. yakazivisa chibvumirano chekutanga chaizotengwa nePVI nemadhora mazana maviri negumi nemashanu emamiriyoni emadhora, mari yakazosvika mamiriyoni mazana mana nemakumi mashanu emadhora mushure mekutaurirana. E Ink yakatengwa zviri pamutemo musi wa24 Zvita, 2009. Kutengwa nePVI kwakawedzera huwandu hwekugadzirwa kwe "electronic paper display" yeE Ink. PVI yakazvitumidza zita rekuti E Ink Holdings Inc. mushure mekutenga. Muna Zvita 2012, yakatenga SiPix, kambani inokwikwidzana ne "electrophoretic display", zvichisimbisa hutungamiriri hwayo mumusika.

e-Ink Screen Zvishandiso

Nekufambira mberi uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji iyi, makambani mazhinji akatanga kugadzira kana kutenga mascreen erudzi urwu kubva kuvatengesi vavo kuti ashandiswe muzvishandiso zvakawanda, kunyangwe vanonyanya kuzivikanwa vari mae-reader, chokwadi ndechekuti kwave nekuyedzwa uye mashandisirwo mune mamwe masevhisi :

• Flexible skrini: sezvo tekinoroji iyi inochinjika zvakanaka kune yakaoma mapaneru uye zvakare ayo anogona kukotama. Semuenzaniso, inogona kushandiswa kune zvimwe zvinochinjika nharembozha kana zvinopfeka, senge inodhura-Motorola F3, Samsung Alias ​​​​2, YotaPhone, Hisense A5c, inoshandisa e-Ink skrini pachinzvimbo cheLCD, kana Seiko's Spectrum. SVRD001, iyo Sharp Pebble, nezvimwe.
• vaverengi: sezvatakambotaura, seyatinayo pane ino peji, kubva kune akasiyana siyana, Sony, Kindle, Kobo, Onyx, nezvimwe. Pamusoro pezvo, pane atove ese akajairwa masikirini uye ekubata zvidzitiro, pamwe nemasikirini emavara kana zvidzitiro zvinobata mapeni emagetsi.
• Laptops uye PC monitors: Kunyangwe zvisingawande, kwave nemhando dzakakosha, senge Lenovo ThinkBook Plus, ine e-Paper skrini. Isu tinoona zvakare akawanda mahwendefa eAndroid anoshandisa rudzi urwu rwescreen, kugadzira 2-in-1 zvishandiso kana mahybrids pakati peeReader nepiritsi.
• mapepanhau emagetsi: Flemish zuva nezuva De Tijd akagoverawo vhezheni yemagetsi yebepanhau rayo mune shoma shanduro, vachishandisa yekutanga vhezheni yeiRex iLiad. Mimwe mienzaniso yaizouya gare gare.
• Smart Cards uye peripherals-Mamwe makadhi akangwara anogona zvakare kushandisa iyi mhando ye-e-ink kuratidza kuti ishandiswe yakaderera, senge iyo inogadzirwa neNagra ID uye budiriro neInnovative Card Technologies uye nCryptone. Iwo aishandiswawo kune mamwe maperipherals, akadai se USB pendrives ane skrini.
• Public dashboards: Anogona zvakare kushandiswa kuderedza kushandiswa kwemagetsi mapaneru kana masikirini anoratidza ruzivo munhandare dzendege, zviteshi zvechitima, mapaneru emigwagwa, zviratidzo, nezvimwe.
• vamwe+

E-pepa kuratidza matekinoroji

Nezve matekinoroji aripo, tinogona kusiyanisa pakati peakawanda , ese ari maviri padanho rekutanga uye zvakare maererano neshanduro kubva ku e-Ink Corporation:

Panel marudzi

Pakati pemhando dzematekinoroji akagadzirwa nekufamba kwenguva kuti tishandise e-Ink displays, tinofanira kusimbisa:

• Gyricon: Pepa remagetsi rakatanga kugadzirwa muma1970 naNick Sheridon paXerox's Palo Alto Research Center. Pepa rekutanga remagetsi, rainzi Gyricon, raisanganisira polyethylene spheres pakati pe75 ne106 micrometers. Chikamu chega chega ichidimbu cheJanus chinoumbwa nepurasitiki nhema ine chaji kune rimwe divi uye inochajiwa purasitiki chena kune rimwe. Iwo masipiramu akaiswa mubepa reyakajeka silicone, neimwe sphere yakamiswa mububble remafuta kuitira kuti itenderere yakasununguka. Polarity yevoltiji inoiswa papeya yega yega maelectrode inotaridza kuti divi chena kana dema rakatarisa mudenga, zvichipa pixel kutaridzika kwechena kana nhema. Muna 2007, kambani yeEstonian Visitret Displays yaive ichigadzira iyi mhando yekuratidzira ichishandisa polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sechinhu chezvikamu, ichivandudza zvakanyanya kumhanya kwevhidhiyo uye kudzikisa simba rekutonga rinodiwa.
• EPD (Electrospheric Display): Chiratidziro che electrophoretic chinoumba mapikicha nekugadzirisa patsva pigment particles yakachajiwa nemagetsi akaiswa. Mukushandiswa kwakapfava kweEPD, titanium dioxide zvidimbu zvinenge micrometer imwe mudhayamita inoparadzirwa mumafuta ehydrocarbon. Dhayi ine rima-ruvara inowedzerwawo kumafuta, pamwe chete nema surfactants uye majenti ekuchaja izvo zvinoita kuti zvimedu zviwane mutero wemagetsi. Musanganiswa uyu unoiswa pakati pemaparallel conductive plates akapatsanurwa nenzvimbo ye10 kusvika 100 micrometer. Kana magetsi akaiswa pamahwendefa maviri, zvimedu zvinotama electrophoretically kuenda mundiro inotakura inopikisa kune yezvikamu. Kana zvimedu zviri kumberi (kutarisa) kudivi rechidzitiro, chena inooneka, nekuti mwenje unoparadzirwa kumashure kune muoni neakakwira-index titanium particles. Kana zvimedu zviri kuseri kwechidzitiro, zvinoita kunge rima, nekuti mwenje unotorwa neruvara tint. Kana iyo yekumashure electrode yakakamurwa kuita akatevedzana emifananidzo madiki zvinhu (pixels), ipapo chifananidzo chinogona kuumbwa nekuisa yakafanira voltage kudunhu rega rega rechidzitiro kugadzira patani yenzvimbo dzinoratidzira uye dzinotora. EPDs dzinowanzogadziriswa uchishandisa MOSFET-based thin film transistor (TFT) tekinoroji.
• Microencapsulated electrophoretic: Mumakore ekuma1990, chikwata cheMIT undergraduate vadzidzi vakave nemimba uye vakafananidza rudzi rutsva rweinki yemagetsi inobva pane microencapsulated electrophoretic display, yakabva kuE-Ink Corp uye inoshandiswa neEuropean Philips. Iyi tekinoroji inoshandisa mamicrocapsules akazadzwa nemagetsi anochajiswa zvimedu zvichena zvakamiswa mumafuta ane mavara. Iyo yepasi redunhu inodzora kana zvimedu zvichena zviri pamusoro pekapisi (saka zvinotaridzika zvichena kune muoni) kana pasi pekapisi (saka muoni anoona ruvara rwemafuta). Iyi tekinoroji yakabvumira kuti skrini iitwe nemapepa epurasitiki anochinjika pachinzvimbo chegirazi. Kuitwa kuchangoburwa kweiyi pfungwa kunoda chete musara wema electrode pasi peiyo microcapsules.
• Electrowetting Display (EWD): itekinoroji inodzora chimiro chemvura yakavharirwa / mafuta interface kuburikidza nemhepo inoshandiswa. Pasina voltage, iyo (yemavara) oiri inoumba firimu rakati sandara pakati pemvura uye hydrophobic insulating coating ye electrode, zvichikonzera pixel ine ruvara. Nekushandisa voltage pakati pe electrode nemvura, kusawirirana kwechiso pakati pemvura nekupfeka kunoshanduka, zvichiita kuti mvura ibvise oiri, zvichiita kuti pasave pachena kana kuti chena pixel kana paine chena inotaridza pamusoro pasi pechinhu chinoshanduka. Electrowetting-based displays inopa akati wandei anoyevedza maficha. Kuchinja pakati pechena uye neruvara kuratidza kunokurumidza zvakakwana kuratidza zvemukati zvevhidhiyo. Iyo yakaderera-simba, yakaderera-voltage tekinoroji, uye zviratidziro zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro inogona kuve yakati sandara uye yakatetepa. Reflectivity uye mutsauko zviri nani pane kana kuenzana nemamwe marudzi ezviratidziro uye kusvika kune zvinoonekwa zvebepa. Uyezve, tekinoroji inopa nzira yakasarudzika yekupenya-kupenya, yakazara-ruvara kuratidza, inotungamira kune maratidziro akapetwa kana kupenya kupfuura maLCD anopenya uye kaviri kupenya kupfuura mamwe ari kubuda matekinoroji. Panzvimbo pekushandisa mafirita matsvuku, egirinhi uye ebhuruu (RGB) kana kuchinjika zvikamu zvemavara matatu ekutanga, izvo zvinozoguma nechikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chekuratidzira kuratidza mwenje muruvara rwaunoda, electrowetting inobvumira sisitimu ine sub-pixel. inogona kuchinja mavara maviri akasiyana akazvimirira. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvenzvimbo yekuratidzira iwanikwe kuratidza chiedza mune chero ruvara rwaunoda. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekugadzira pixel ine murwi wemafirimu maviri akazvimirira eruvara ane mavara pamwe nesefa yemavara. Iwo mavara ari cyan, magenta uye yero (RGB), inova inobvisa sisitimu, inofananidzwa nemusimboti unoshandiswa mukudhinda inkjet. Kuenzaniswa neLCD, kupenya kunowanikwa nekuti polarizers haidiwi.
• Electrofluidics: mutsauko weEWD kuratidza inoisa kupararira kweaqueous pigment mukati medhamu diki. Iyi dhipoziti inosanganisira isingasviki 5-10% yenzvimbo inoonekwa pixel uye saka iyo pigment yakavanzwa zvakanyanya kubva pakuona. Voltage inoshandiswa kuita electromechanically kubvisa pigment kubva mudura uye kuiparadzira sefirimu zvakananga kuseri kwe substrate yekuratidzira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuratidzwa kunowana ruvara uye kupenya kwakafanana neakajairwa pigments akadhindwa pamapepa. Kana magetsi abviswa, kudhonzwa kwepamusoro pemvura kunoita kuti pigment ipararire kuti ikurumidze kudzoka mudura. Iyo tekinoroji inogona kupa inopfuura 85% chena mamiriro ekuratidzira e-bepa. Iyo yakakosha tekinoroji yakagadzirwa kuYunivhesiti yeCincinnati's Novel Devices Laboratory uye kune anoshanda prototypes akagadzirwa nekubatana neSun Chemical, Polymer Vision uye Gamma Dynamics. Iine muganho wakafara muzvinhu zvakakosha senge kupenya, kuzara kwemavara uye nguva yekupindura. Nekuti iyo optically inoshanda layer inogona kuve isingasviki 15 micrometers gobvu, kune simba rakasimba rekuchinjika kuratidza.
• Interferometric modulator (Mirasol): Interferometric modulator inyanzvi inoshandiswa mumagetsi ekuona zviratidzo zvinogona kugadzira mavara akasiyana-siyana kuburikidza nekukanganiswa kwechiedza chinoratidzwa. Ruvara runosarudzwa nemagetsi akachinja mwenje modulator ine microscopic cavity inobatidzwa nekudzimwa uchishandisa control ICs akafanana neanoshandiswa kutyaira LCD.
• Electronic-plasmonic kuratidza: inyanzvi inoshandisa plasmonic nanostructures ine conductive polymers. Iyi tekinoroji ine mavara akasiyana-siyana, yakakwira polarization-yakazvimirira kuratidzira (> 50%), kusiyanisa kwakasimba (> 30%), kukurumidza kupindura nguva (mazana e ms), uye kugadzikana kwenguva refu. Pamusoro pezvo, ine Ultra-yakaderera simba rekushandisa (<0.5 mW/cm2) uye inogoneka yekukwirisa resolution (> 10000 dpi). Sezvo iyo ultrathin metasurfaces ichichinjika uye iyo polymer yakapfava, iyo yese system inogona kukotama. Inodiwa kuvandudza tekinoroji iyi inosanganisira bistability, zvinhu zvakachipa, uye kuita nematrices eTFT. Uye, kuita izvi, inoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri zvakakosha kana zvikamu:
  • Yekutanga inoratidzika zvakanyanya metasurface yakagadzirwa nesimbi-insulator-simbi mafirimu makumi emanomita akakora anosanganisira nanometer-scale maburi. Aya metasurfaces anogona kuratidza mavara akasiyana zvichienderana nekukora kweiyo insulator. Iyo yakajairwa RGB color scheme inogona kushandiswa sepixels kune yakazara-ruvara kuratidza.
  • Chikamu chechipiri ipolymer ine optical absorption inodzoreka neiyo electrochemical inogoneka. Mushure mekukura iyo polymer pane plasmonic metasurfaces, kuratidzwa kwemametasurfaces kunogona kugadziridzwa nemagetsi akaiswa.
• inoratidzira LCD: Iyo tekinoroji yakafanana neyakajairwa LCD, asi iyo backlight pani inotsiviwa neinopenya pamusoro.

Kune mamwe matekinoroji akagadzirwa kana mukuvandudzwa, kunyangwe ari pamusoro apa akanyanya kukosha. Semuyenzaniso, vaongorori vari kuita nhamburiko huru yekushandisa organic transistors yakamisikidzwa mune inochinjika substrates, kurerutsa mavara ekuratidzira vachishandisa optics, nezvimwe.

e-Ink shanduro

Ndinogara ndichikurudzira kusarudza mae-reader ane e-Ink screens panzvimbo peLCD screens. Chikonzero ndechekuti e-ink haisi nyore kumeso ako chete, asi inopawo ruzivo rwekuverenga rwakafanana nerwepepa chairo, pamusoro pekushandisa simba shoma pane mae-screens echinyakare. Pakusarudza e-Ink screen kana e-paper, unofanirwa kuziva kuti kune shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana dzematekinoroji aripo parizvino, ane patent kubva ku e-Ink Holdings, akadai se:

• Vizplex: Ichi chaive chizvarwa chekutanga che e-ink kuratidza, yakashandiswa nemamwe ma brand anozivikanwa muna 2007.
• Pearl: Kuvandudzwa uku kwakaunzwa makore matatu gare gare uye yakashandiswa neAmazon kune yayo Kindle, pamwe nemamwe mamodheru akadai seKobo, Onyx uye Pocketbook.
• Mobius: Yakafanana neyakapfuura, asi inosanganisira dhizaini yepurasitiki yakajeka uye inochinjika pachiratidziri kuti irambe zvirinani kuvhunduka. Onyx, kambani yeChinese, yaive imwe yeaishandisa skrini iyi.
• Triton: Yakatanga kuiswa muna 2010, kunyange zvazvo yechipiri yakagadziridzwa shanduro yakabudiswa muna 2013. Iyi teknolojia yaisanganisira ruvara rwekutanga mumagetsi emagetsi emagetsi, ane 16 shades ye grey uye 4096 mavara. Pocketbook yaive imwe yekutanga kuishandisa.
• Tsamba uye Tsamba HD: Dzakabudiswa muna 2013, uye kune shanduro mbiri dzakasiyana. Iyo e-Ink Carta ine resolution ye 768 × 1024 px, 6 ″ muhukuru uye pixel density ye212 ppi. Kana iri e-Ink Carta HD vhezheni, inowedzera kusvika 1080x1440 px resolution uye 300 ppi, kuchengetedza 6 inches. Iyi fomati yakakurumbira, inoshandiswa neakanakisa ezvino e-reader modhi.
• Kaleido: Iyi tekinoroji yakasvika muna 2019, iine Plus vhezheni muna 2021 uye Kaleido 3 vhezheni muna 2022. Ndidzo kuvandudzwa kwechidzitiro chemavara, zvichibva pane greyscale mapaneru nekuwedzera jira rine ruvara sefa. Iyo Plus vhezheni yakavandudza mameseji uye ruvara rwemufananidzo wakajeka, uye iyo Kaleido 3 inopa akawanda akajeka mavara, ane 30% yakakwira color saturation kupfuura chizvarwa chakapfuura, 16 mazinga egreyscale uye 4096 mavara.
• Gallery 3: Ndiyo yazvino modhi, uye ichangosvika muna 2023, yakavakirwa paACeP (Advanced Colour ePaper) kuti iwane mamwe mavara akazara uye ine imwechete layer ye electrophoretic fluid inodzorwa nevoltages inoenderana neyekutengesa TFT backplanes. Iyo tekinoroji e-Ink tekinoroji inovandudza nguva yekupindura, ndiko kuti, nguva inotora kuchinja kubva kune rumwe ruvara kuenda kune rumwe. Semuenzaniso, kubva kuchena kusvika kune dema mune 350 ms chete, uye pakati pemavara, zvichienderana nemhando iyo inogona kubva pa500 ms kusvika 1500 ms. Pamusoro pezvo, vanouya neComfortGaze yekumberi mwenje inoderedza huwandu hwechiedza chebhuruu chinoratidzwa pachiratidziro kuitira kuti iwe ugone kurara zvirinani uye usakonzerese kunetseka kwemaziso.

Ramangwana

Plastic Logic Germany ikambani (mugadziri uye mugadziri) yakatanga seprojekiti inotangira kubva kuCavendish Laboratory paYunivhesiti yeCambridge. Yakavambwa muna 2000 naRichard Friend, Henning Sirringhaus, naStuart Evans. Kambani iyi inonyanya kugadzira nekugadzira ma electrophoretic displays (EPDs) , zvichibva pa organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) tekinoroji, muDresden, Germany. Ma displays aya anobvumira ruzivo kuti rwumirire sepachiratidziro chemazuva ose, asi papaneru inochinjika. Vakaita mipiro yakakosha mumunda we ma flexible displays, ayo anoita seamangwana, sezvatiri kuona muzviitiko zvakawanda. Kubatanidza tekinoroji iyi ne ePaper kana e-Ink kuchaita kuti zvinhu zvifanane nehuremu uye flexible nemapepa, pamwe chete nemashandisirwo azvo ese uye zvakanakira.